American Culture: Traditions and Customs of the United States


 American culture encompasses the customs and traditions of the United States, including language, religion, food and the arts. Nearly every region of the world has influenced American culture, as it is a country of immigrants, most notably the English who colonized the country beginning in the early 1600s. U.S. culture has also been shaped by the cultures of Native Americans, Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.

The United States is sometimes described as a "melting pot" in which different cultures have contributed their own distinct "flavors" to American culture. Just as cultures from around the world have influenced American culture, today American culture influences the world. The term Western culture often refers broadly to the cultures of the United States and Europe.

As the third largest country in the word with a population of more than 315 million, the United States is the most culturally diverse country in the world. The Northeast, South, Midwest, Southeast and Western regions of the United States all have distinct traditions and customs. Here is a brief overview of the culture of the United States. 

Language
There is no official language of the United States, although 31 of 50 states have made English their official language or given it exceptional status. More than 90 percent of the U.S. population speaks and understands at least some English, and most official business is conducted in English.
While almost every language in the world is spoken in the United States, Spanish, Chinese, French and German are among the most frequently spoken non-English languages. Each region of the United States, in particular the South, has its own spin on the language with unique pronunciations and phrases.

Religion
Nearly every known religion is practiced in the United States, which was founded on the basis of religious freedom. More than 75 percent of Americans identify themselves as Christians. About half are Protestant, about one-quarter are Catholic, and a small percentage are Mormon. After Christianity, Judaism is the second most-identified religious affiliation, at about 1.4 percent of the population. About 20 percent of the population has no religious affiliation.

American style
Clothing styles vary by region and climate, but the American style of dressing is predominantly casual. Denim, sneakers and cowboy hats and boots are some items of clothing that are closely associated with Americans. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors and Victoria Secret are some well-known American brands. American fashion is widely influenced by celebrities.

American food
American cuisine has been influenced by Europeans and Native Americans in its early history. Today, there are a number of foods that are commonly identified as American, such as hamburgers, hot dogs, potato chips, macaroni and cheese and meat loaf. "As American as apple pie" has come to mean something that is authentically American.
There are also styles of cooking and types of foods that are specific to a region. Southern-style cooking is often called American comfort food and includes dishes such as fried chicken, collard greens, black-eyed peas and corn bread. Tex-Mex, popular in Texas and the Southwest, is a blend of Spanish and Mexican cooking styles and includes items such as chili and burritos and relies heavily on shredded cheese and beans.

Arts
The United States is widely known around the world as a leader in mass media production, including television and movies. The television broadcasting industry took hold in the United States in the early 1950s and American television programs are shown around the world. The United States also has a vibrant movie industry, centered in Hollywood, and American movies are popular worldwide.
New York is home to Broadway and Americans have a rich theatrical history.
American folk art is an artistic style and is identified with quilts and other hand-crafted items.
American music is very diverse with many, many styles, including rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel, country and western, bluegrass, rock 'n' roll and hip hop.

Sports
The United States is a sports-minded country, with millions of fans who follow football, baseball, basketball and hockey, among other sports. The game of baseball, which was developed in colonial America and became an organized sport in the mid-1800s, is known as America’s favorite pastime, although its popularity has been eclipsed by football.

American holidays
Americans celebrate their independence from Britain on July 4. Memorial Day, celebrated on the last Monday in May, honors those who have died in military service. Labor Day, observed on the first Monday in September, celebrates country’s workforce. Thanksgiving, another distinctive American holiday, falls on the fourth Thursday in November and dates back to colonial times to celebrate the harvest. Presidents’ Day, marking the birthdays of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, is a federal holiday that occurs on the third Monday in February. The contributions of veterans are honored on Veterans’ Day, observed on Nov. 11. The contributions of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. are remembered on the third Monday in January.
source:http://www.livescience.com/28945-american-culture.html


Chinese Wedding

Getting Married in China

I had the delightful experience of attending several different types of weddings in China – including my own! Yes, I married a Chinese man in China! It was no easy task, as getting information on the correct procedures to follow for acceptance was not easy to get. Not many foreigners actually marry in China. Ours was probably similar to what we would consider a “court house” wedding – only there wasn’t even a court house ceremony. The whole thing was just the signing of documents at different official department offices and having medical examinations.

I think things are starting to ease up some in China now, but in the years 2000-2006, if you wanted to marry, you had to go back to your home province to do the paperwork process - which was costly and time consuming for young couples. Many young couples celebrate their marriage at the first Chinese New Year - after the marriage documents arrive.

My marriage was probably the most simplistic type of procedure. We just wanted to get legal – so that my husband would not get hauled off to jail for living with a foreigner and not being married or fully divorced. Those laws have changed now.

Most Chinese families, having just one child in the family, now make a very big production of the wedding– even in the country side. Weddings can range from large to small and are full of culture and tradition – even though they may appear to be quite westernized looking from the outside in.
Something that is extremely well done in China is the Wedding Photo Album. That is usually done over a period of several days, long before the actual wedding. The pictures produced are fantasy and dreams - but a wonderful keepsake - one that every couple looks forward to creating and showing to their friends and family.
At rich weddings, you may go to a 5 star hotel for the lavish reception. You will be expected to give a "red envelope" containing money as a gift to the newlyweds. To show that they are not in need of your money - don't be surprised if later in the evening, they come back to you and present you with a red envelope containing half the money you originally gave them!

It is not uncommon for the Bride to have 3 wedding dresses. She will have a white western style gown, a traditional red qipao and perhaps another lovely ballroom gown - all worn over the course of the same day.

At the wedding reception, it is common procedure to hire host for entertainment. They will play games and sing songs during the course of the dinner, while the bride and groom go from table to table toasting their guests. The bride and groom do not eat at the reception.
In the countryside, firecrackers (cherry bombs) are a popular way of celebrating a wedding.
Honeymoons – may be spent with entire family.

It is not uncommon to move into the family home with parents for the first several years of marriage. Usually, the bride moves into the grooms family home. Modern parents now ask that before they give permission for their daughter to marry, the groom must prove that he has enough money to buy a home for their daughter.

Auspicious Days

The Chinese still rely on fortune tellers to predict the most auspicious days (and years) to marry. Many couples will postpone their wedding plans until the right day or right year that promises success. In some provinces, you will find very large groups of couples getting married the same day - because they believe in the luck of that day - for most success in their marriage.
In China, it is common for many young couples live together the year before they are actually married and start on the paperwork process. The most common time to celebrate a marriage is at Chinese New Year or on auspicious days.
source:http://www.chinese-traditions-and-culture.com/chinese-wedding.html

 


Culture Values

In Asian myths, no creature is as impressive as the dragon. For Vietnamese peasants, the dragon was a vivid symbol of the fourfold deity-clouds, rain, thunder and lighting. Represented by an S shape, dragons are depicted on artifacts dating back to the Dong Son-Au Lac culture, which existed in northern Vietnam in the first millennium B.C. Later came the cult of Tu Phap, or the Four Miracles. Long ago stargazers identified the Dragon constellation made up of seven stars arranged like an S. The brightest star is the Mind (Tam), also known as the Divine (Than) star. The word Than may also be read as Thin (Dragon), which denotes the third month of the lunar calendar and represents the Yang vital energy.

Dragons were also associated with kingship. Every Vietnamese person knows the legend of Lac Long Quan and Au Co. Lac Long Quan (King Dragon of the Lac Bird Clan) is known as the forefather of the Vietnamese people. He is said to have been the son of a dragon, while his wife, Au Co, was the child of a fairy. Their eldest son, King Hung, taught the people to tattoo their chests, bellies and thighs with dragon images to protect themselves from aquatic monsters.
During the Ly Dynasty (11th to early 13th centuries), the dragon became a common decorative motif in plastic arts. In the royal edict on the transfer of the capital to Thang Long in 1010, it was written: “The Capital is chosen due to the lay of the land, which affects a coiling dragon and a sitting tiger”. 

Legend has it that on the sunny day when the royal barge landed at Dai La, the king saw a golden dragon rise into the sky. Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thang Long, or City of the Soaring Dragon. The modern city of Hanoi stands on this same site.

The Ly king had a cluster of shops and inns built up to the walls of an ancient temple once dedicated to the dragon deity. One night, the dragon deity revealed himself in the form of a violent northerly wind, which knocked down all of the houses but left the temple intact. Following this event, the king cheerfully proclaimed: “This is the Dragon God, who takes his charge over earthly affairs”.


The Ly dragon was derived from India’s mythical Naga, which Southeast Asian peoples influenced by Indian mythology had transformed into a sea god. The Ly depiction of the dragon is both sophisticated and unique. The dragon’s elaborate head is raised, flame-co loured crest thrust out, a jewel held in its jaws. Its mane, ears and beard flutter gracefully behind, while its lithe, undulating body soars above the waves. The dragon was usually depicted inside a stone, a piece of wood, a bodhi leaf, or a lotus petal. Dragon images appear on the pedestals of statues of Amitabha Avalokitecvara (Kwan Kin), on cylindrical stone pillars in the hall dedicated to heaven in Thang Long Citadel, and on a five meter-high hexagonal stone pillar in Giam Pagoda in Bac Ninh province. The latter is considered by art historians to be a colossal linga. Lingas symbolize the male Yang element, while dragons symbolize the Yin element.

That dragons, or long, associated with royalty, are revealed by the names given to the king’s personal effects and person, such as long con (royal tunics), long chau (royal boat), long thi (royal person), and long dien (royal countenance).

During the Tran Dynasty (early 13th to end of 14th centuries), the dragon retained the sophisticated style of the Ly dragon, yet changed to reflect the greater authority of the dynasty which defeated invading Mongol forces three times. The image became more detailed, with a large head, forked horn, four fierce a claws (stone carving in Boi Khe Pagoda), and a massive, rounded body, covered in carp scales (Pho Minh Pagoda).

The dragon took on a whole new appearance under the Le Dynasty (early 15th to end of 18th centuries). With a raised head, forked horn, wide forehead, prominent nose, large, forceful eyes, five claws, and two splayed feet, a dragon crept up the balustrade of Kinh Thien Hall’s central staircase. This fierce and imposing dragon was clearly a symbol of royal authority. Examples of Le era dragons may be found carved in stone in Co Loa Temple, carved on wooden doors in Keo Pagoda, and carved in the royal stone bed in Dinh Temple.
The Nguyen Dynasty (early 19th to mid 20th centuries) had dragons much like those of the Le. The top ridges of palace roofs were decorated with undulating dragons covered in sparkling porcelain tiles.

Initially, dragons in Vietnam were associated with water and Yin energy. Dragons were popular among the common people, who believed that rain was created by nine dragons, which took water from the sea to pour down on the rice paddies. The dragon dance, a great favorite among people of all walks of life, was used to invoke rain. 

Many place names in Vietnam bear the word long (dragon), as in Ha Long Bay (Where the Dragon Descended) or the Cuu Long River (Nine Dragons).

Dragons occupied the top position in traditional geomancy, especially for sovereigns. It was said that Le Hoan was able to found the Anterior Le Dynasty (980-1009 A.D.) because his grandfather’s tomb was situated on a “vein in the dragon’s jaw”. The Royal Chronicle of the Restored Le Dynasty contains a story about Prince Lang Lieu, who saw a black dragon perched on his father’s tomb. “Golden dragons for emperors, black dragons for kings,” states this ancient text.

Like Chinese monarchs, Vietnamese sovereigns chose the dragon as the symbol of their power. But unlike the Chinese dragons, which were shown descending from heaven and spitting fire, the Vietnamese dragons were shown ascending from water. Though imposing and fierce, the Vietnamese dragons were never threatening.
source:http://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-221-34/Tale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx



Thailand Cultural Norms and Traditions

Thailand is one of the most fascinating countries to visit on earth. Culturally there are many practices and beliefs that are very different to those from Western societies.  Here’s a few to whet your appetite to learn more, and to practice respectfully while you travel throughout Thailand.

• The Royal Family of Thailand is held in very high respect. Making derogatory remarks about any of the royal family is against the law. The penalty is 3 - 15 years’ imprisonment, depending on the severity.

• The traditional greeting is with two hands prayer-like palms together known as a wâi.  If a local gives a wâi to you, to be polite, it is nice to wâi back. A wâi, however, is always appreciated.  Watch this short video on how to give a wâi.

• Thai culture places certain spiritual importance to certain parts of the body. You should not point your feet at people, touch people with your feet, prop your feet up on seats or tables or step over people sitting on the ground. The head in contrast has a much higher importance. Avoid touching people on the head as this is considered very rude. You should also avoid sitting on pillows meant for head rests. In some rural areas, food is often served while seated on the ground. Stepping over food on the ground is another extremely rude gesture and will surely embarrass your Thai host.

• Throughout all of Thailand, if you notice a pile of shoes at or near an entrance to a home, shop or guesthouse, you should remove your shoes before entry; it is considered rude not to do so.

• Books and other written materials are given special status over other secular objects. You shouldn’t slide books or documents across a table top nor place them on the ground. Use a chair or stand if one is available.

• Most of Thailand’s attractions are of cultural significance. Places like temples and palaces are highly respected by the locals for their religious values and there are certain customs and etiquette you need to respect when visiting these places such as; you are required to wear “polite dress” when visiting official buildings and palaces. This means no flip-flop, no shorts, no skirt above the knee for ladies, no sleeveless t-shirts.

Find these interesting? Thailand is full of culturally fascinating practices and things to learn about. Go ahead, learn as much as you can before you visit, and while there, ask questions and see how locals treat each other.
soruce:http://www.isvolunteers.org/blog/thailand-cultural-norms-and-traditions/

Khmer Wedding


In Khmer wedding, it has a lot of ceremonies held in chronological orders. They show the historical roots related to the Buddha’s period which existed ages ago. According to a book “Khmer Wedding Rules” of Oknha Nov, it puts that in ancient Khmer wedding laws, people perform a song describing God Vesandor Borom Pothisat arranging the marriage between his children – Chealy and Kroesna. And some other songs are about the marriage arrangement of God Ream and Seda. Oknha Nov wrote that the current wedding preparations are arranged according to the rules drawn up by King Preah Chey Chesda Thebdey.

 According to the king’s book, it puts that all ceremonies in Khmer wedding are related to mythical stories such as a story "Som Sla Kanseng". It is told that there were two men who went to feed their buffalos in the field would like to make friends with each other and wanted to be relative by marriage with each other because one had a son and the other had a daughter. In order to prove their words, they ask for betel nuts packed in krama from each other to show their promise that their children would marry to each other.

Another story is “the three betel flowers”. It describes that there were four men who had different skills – swimming, shooting, fortune telling, and magic. After completing their study, they returned home. Along the way back near a stream, the fortune teller said that day they were going to meet a girl and become their wife. Then a big bird swooped down on a girl, Khemry, who was having a bath. Right away the shooting man took his bow and shot the bird down back to the stream.

The swimmer then swam to bring her to the ground but she was just dead. After that the magic man helped her be alive again. All four men felt in love with the lad, so they were judged by the Buddha that she would become a wife of someone who swam to help her because he was able to touch her body first. And the fortune teller, magic man, and shooting man would become the father, mother, and brother respectively. Since then in all weddings, the bride and the groom must have three betel flowers in order to show gratitude towards their parents and brothers/sisters.

Setting-the-date ceremony and the groom holding the scarf are told that Prince Thaong was married to Princess Tevtey, a daughter of the sea dragon king. After setting the date already, Tevtey had to bring him to her father at dragon world, so the sea dragon’s daughter asked the prince to hold her scarf in order to dive into the dragon world. In the meanwhile, the dragon king commanded his man to kill the prince at the gate in order to test the prince’s ability. But the daughter had known this; hence, she disguised herself as the prince by changing her skirt and it was put on the prince instead so that the killer was not able to kill the prince. That is why in the current Khmer wedding it was seen that there is clothes change between the groom and the bride, and the groom holding the bride’s scarf in to the room, accompanied by “Phat Cheay and Neang Neak” songs, etc.

The ceremony called “Chey Haong Sousdey Haong Men Haong” in wedding ceremony performed until now is followed by an ancient story recorded in “the rules of wedding” book. It describes that Once upon a time there were two brothers – Chey and Sousdey. At that time, there was no king to continue after the previous king had died in Cambodia, so the officials in the palace relied on the holy elephant and horse to find a man to be their king. Then the animals approached the brothers’ house. Consequently, they knew that one of the brothers was the suitable man to be crowned. Chey became the king and Sousdey became his assistant at the same time. When crowned, the people whooped to bless the king. They said “Chey Haong Sousdey Haong Men Haong” simultaneously. The blessing is adapted to use in the wedding until now.

 "Bongvil Popil" ceremony in the Khmer wedding is also written in “collective Khmer legends” book, volume 9. According to the legend, it is told that once upon a time, there was a man named Chey Sorya who had completed the magic training already from Eyso God, so he asked the God for a sacred relic as a blessing tool for the weddings of human being. Then the God gave the man a replica of his penis and a replica of his wife’s vagina as the blessing tools to spread their reputation in the world. Eyso God took diamond sand from the universe to make a gold banyan leaf representing his wife’s vagina and took a diamond rock from Himalaya Mountain to make a candle representing his penis and supposed them to be “two blessings”. He then told the man to take the candle wrapped in the banyan leaf to circle three times around grooms and brides in order to inhale the smoke making them powerful. The “Popil” ceremony is believed to bring harmony and joyfulness for the new couples making them successful in all challenges. Since Khmer people firmly and sincerely believe in “Popil”, it is performed not only in wedding ceremony but also in other ceremonies such as housewarming, birthday, etc.

"Holding a Sword" tradition in the wedding progress is also told that once upon a time there was a high ranking knight in Peareansey Palace, who fell in love with a daughter of the villager and deposit a piece of gold as a dowry and promised to marry in three months’ time. Three years had gone, so she was married to her neighbor villager but on the wedding day, the knight appeared and took out his sword and killed the man who was the groom. Then the chief clergyman had prayed to dismiss all bad things at the place. The clergyman had analyzed on the power of the sword. That is why people use a sword in the wedding when the bride and the groom are in pair for blessing.

Tradition on Khmer Wedding Season
Wedding ceremony is very meaningful for each of individual’s life who follows their tradition and the laws of the country. That is why this ceremony is carefully dealt with concerning to choosing the date which is believed to bring luck and harmony for the people’s lives and starting a new families. Some families do not allow their children to marry in the rain season and some delay it for two years after the engagement ceremony because of the fortune telling. 

According to Mr. Nhean Phoeun, a researcher and publisher of Khmer tradition of national and international festival committee, he said that Khmer tradition allows people to marry only in a period of six months in a year but not the other six. Wedding can be carried out only in the 30-day months. Those six months could be in early May, July, October, January, and March. But for engagement ceremony and matching the natural chemistry between son and daughter, they could be performed in any month.

He continued that for the above months, there are only 7 days of each month that are good days. According to the Khmer tradition, they should not perform on their birthday, religious day, lunar or and solar eclipse, and during Khmer new years.
Actually, the reason people do not get married in the rain season is that there are a lot of rains that make it difficult for the wedding reception, procession, and other ceremonies. It is also difficult for the guests travelling to wedding party and it is when farmers are busy with their fields.
source:http://www.tourismcambodia.com/culture/art-and-culture/khmer-wedding.htm

Khmer Dance

Classical Dance of Cambodia The epic poem of Rama (Ramayana) is believed to have been revealed to a Hindu holy man named Valmiki by Brahma, the god of creation. This religious literary work, dating from about ad 4, is known in various versions throughout India and Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, the story has been set to music and dance and performed by the Royal Ballet since the 18th century.

Although the epic is also known in the villages, where it is translated orally or dramatized in the popular shadow puppet theater, the ballet was traditionally a courtly art performed in the palace or for princely festivals. The music of the ballet is performed by the Pinpeat orchestra, which is made up of traditional xylophones, metallophones, horizontal gongs, drums, and cymbals.

History




Khmer classical dance derived from Indian court dance, which traces its origins to the apsarases of Hindu mythology, heavenly female nymphs who were born to dance for the gods. The traditions of Thailand and Java (in Indonesia) also influenced the music and dance of Cambodia. In classical Cambodian dance, women, dressed in brightly colored costumes with elaborate headdresses, perform slow, graceful movements accompanied by a percussive ensemble known as the Pin Peat. Pinpeat orchestras include drums, gongs, and bamboo xylophones. 


In Cambodia's villages, plays performed by actors wearing masks are popular. Shadow plays, performed using black leather puppets that enact scenes from the Reamkern, are also enjoyed. Folk dancing is popular in rural Cambodia and is performed spontaneously to a drumbeat.


Apsara Dance

At the heart of classical form is the Apsara, the joyful, almost wanton dancer whose images are everywhere. Princess Buppha Devi, who currently serves as the Minister of Culture, is a master of Apsara dancing, which dates to the 1st century.
The graceful movements of the Apsara dancers, adorned with gold headdresses and silken tunics and skirts, are carved on the walls of many of the temples at Angkor. Estimates are that there were 3,000 Apsara dancers in the 12th century court of King Jayavarman VII.


 Over the centuries Khmer dancing lent its influence to the classical ballet of neighboring countries, and some of its postures and movements are similar to other Southeast Asian dance forms. But according to Princess Buppha Devi, "The Khmer kingdom started its traditions in the 8th century, 500 years before Thailand." In 1400, with the sacking of the Angkor Empire, the Apsara dancers were seized and taken to Thailand.
Apsara dancing is one of two elements of classical ballet, the other being "today" dancing, the depiction of early myths. Many of the dances involve performing a fragment of the Ramayana, the ancient Indian epic that is one and a half times as long as the Odyssey.


Others are based on the legendary battles and mythical sagas carved in bas relief on the walls of the temples of Angkor-including the Churning of the Sea of Milk, the great battle between gods and demons for the holy liquid that gives immortality. There are 100 dances and dramas.
source:http://www.tourismcambodia.com/culture/art-and-culture/khmer-dance.htm

Khmer Art and Culture

Throughout Cambodia's history, religious principles guided and inspired its arts. A unique Khmer style emerged from the combination of indigenous animistic beliefs and the originally Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. These two religions, along with the Sanskrit language and other elements of Indian civilization, arrived in mainland Southeast Asia during the first few centuries ad.

Seafaring merchants following the coast from India to China brought them to the port cities along the Gulf of Thailand, which were then controlled by the state of Funan in Cambodia. At varying times, Cambodian culture also absorbed Javanese, Chinese, and Thai influences.

Between the 9th and 15th centuries, a prosperous and powerful empire flourished in northwestern Cambodia. The Khmer kingdom of Angkor, named for its capital city, dominated much of what is now Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. The kingdom drew its religious and political inspiration from India. The literary language of the court was Sanskrit; the spoken language was Khmer. Massive temples from this period, including Angkor Wat and the Bayon at Angkor Thum, testify to the power of Angkor and the grandeur of its architecture and decorative art. The unparalleled achievements in art, architecture, music, and dance during this period served as models for later cultural development in Cambodia.
Angkor faded into obscurity after the capital moved south to Phnom Penh in the 15th century, probably due in part to frequent invasions by the neighboring Thais. The jungle rapidly grew over the monuments. In the centuries that followed, frequent wars reduced the territory, wealth, and power of Cambodian monarchs. However, an independent state with its capital near Phnom Penh survived until the 19th century. The most important work of Cambodian literature, the Reamker (a Khmer-language version of the Indian myth of the Ramayana), was composed during this time.

France, which began administering Cambodia in 1863, rediscovered the temples at Angkor and worked to preserve them beginning in the early 20th century. Cambodia's traditional culture and the monuments of Angkor were endangered between 1970 and 1990 due to civil war. The Communist Khmer Rouge regime, which opposed and mistrusted religion and education, banned all of Cambodia's traditional arts and its written language. Since 1991, when Cambodia's warring factions signed a peace accord, international organizations have helped the Cambodian government restore the sites at Angkor and revive Cambodia's traditional crafts.

Type of Khmer Art & Architecture
1. Sculpture
The stone carving skill of the ancient Khmer was basically inherited from the Indian civilization, however, it was later evolved into its own unique Khmer style. The Khmer sculptures were carved from stone with great craftsmanship and many of them represent the Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Brahmans, the elephant god Ganesha and many other gods and goddesses, as well as Hindu mythical monsters such as the serpent naga, the demon kala, the giant makara, and the mythical lions. Some large sculptures even portray the epics of the Hindu myths such as Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In later centuries, the Buddha statues appeared and enshrined in many temples. The most astounding Buddha statues are found in Angkor Thom (Bayon) where the magnificent statues of four-faced Bodhisattava Avalokiteshvara, the lord Buddha, were sculptured on fifty towers. Although each sculpture bears the common characteristics of the supernatural being it represents as described in the epics or myths, its details reveal the personal imagination of its sculptor. In addition, some sculptures depict the important events such as the war against its foreign invaders while some reveal the everyday life of the Khmer people such as the relief carvings of Angkor Thom.

  2. Architecture
The house of the local people in ancient Khmer was more or less similar to those found today in villages of modern Cambodia. It was elevated about two and a half meters above the ground with the wooden ladder and was built by wooden piles which supported the floor, the walls and the roof. The wall was made up of either the straws or the bamboo with the roof covered with the thatched leaves of dry coconut palms.

The architecture of the dignitaries' houses and the palaces was somewhat different from those of the laymen, and differed in sizes, layouts and dimensions. The materials used to built the house consisted of stronger wooden planks, generally made up of teakwood, and the roof was covered with tiles for the inner rooms and with thatched leaves for the outer corners. These differences clearly identified the classes of the people by which the laymen were not even dare to put up a single tile on their roof.

According to Hinduism, the gods reside in the five sacred mountains with central Mount Meru and these mountains are surrounded by the cosmic ocean. The structure of the Khmer temples mostly symbolizes the heavenly residence of the gods with five towers, called Prasats. The central dominant tower or Prasat represents the Mount Meru with four smaller ones, each at its corners, to represent the other four sacred mountains of the heaven. In some temples, there are galleries connecting the towers. The moat surrounding the temple symbolizes the cosmic ocean.
 source: http://www.tourismcambodia.com/culture/art-and-culture.htm

iPhone 6 Release Rumored Again, With A Big Twist

Forget a June iPhone 6 release date and set your eyes on September claims a new analyst report that suggests Apple is once again gearing up for a big fall of new products.
Apple released a new iPhone in the fall for the last three years and this new report suggests Apple is planning the same strategy for 2014.
This report is from an analyst who monitors Apple supply chains, rather than a leak from a supply chain source itself. Analysts typically combine historical practices and external sources to predict the moves a company will make, in order to guide investors.
Steve Milunovich an analyst with UBS that has a history of covering Apple releases and advising investors when to buy and sell Apple stock. Past announcements include iPhone 5c sales predictions and the China Mobile iPhone deal that came to fruition recently.

iPhone 6 Release Date Details

In a new report Milunovich claims the iPhone 6 release date is in the plans for August or September., and specifically mentions that June is out.

In the note shared on Barrons and on the CNBC Smart Money: Half Time Report Milunovich advises Apple is in for weak March and June Quarters, while there is hope for improvements this fall. In 2013 Apple did not announce new mobile products until September.





This report lines up with an earlier analyst note about the iPhone 6 which points to plans for an iPhone 6 release this fall. Andy Hargreaves, an analyst at Pacific Crest, tells investors that Apple is planning a new iPhone 6 for this fall.


These reports are not alone in predicting an iPhone 6 release date in the fall. At this time information points to Apple passing over a summer release to time up with iPhone 4s contracts ending and with the busy holiday shopping season.

Larger iPhone 6 For Sure, But Details Unclear

In this note Milunovich claims the iPhone 6 with a 4.7-inch display is a sure thing, which lines up with Hargreaves report earlier this month. It is not clear if Apple will sell two iPhone 6 models in August or September, but if they do, this report suggests we could see Apple use the same resolution.

In a new note an analyst predicts the iPhone 6 release will bring at least one size, and if there is a larger model it will share the same resolution.
While early reports from display analysts at NPD DisplaySearch and others claimed Apple will launch an iPhone 6 in a 4.7-inch and a 5.5-inch display size with multiple resolutions Milunovich suggests the two new iPhone 6 models will use the same resolution to simplify the task of developing apps for the new screen sizes. This would result in a lower pixel per inch rating for the larger display.

iPhone 6 Price

Speaking with CNBC Milunovich reiterates that the iPhone 6 price may not jump, which could result in a lower margin for Apple. For consumers a larger iPhone 6 at the same price would be a welcome upgrade.

 
The iPhone 6 price is a hot topic, with analysts predicting different decisions by Apple.

If Apple brings two iPhone 6 products to market, it would be surprising to see both of them available at the $199 on contract price. If this is the case, the company could plan to sell the iPhone 6 with a 4.7-inch display at the current price and leverage the premium on the 5.5-inch model.

The note from Hargreaves goes in the opposite direction, claiming that Apple could charge a premium for the iPhone 6 thanks to a bigger screen, which could raise the cost to make.


The iPhone 6 rumors point to a fall release, as outlined in this report, with multiple sizes likely coming from Apple. The iPhone 6 will allegedly feature a new Sapphire covered display that can resist scratches better than the display on the iPhone 5s. The last time Apple increased the size of an iPhone 6 display was the iPhone 5 in 2012 from a 3.5-inch screen to a 4-inch screen. Rumors suggest Apple is planning a better camera, but not necessarily one that brings a high megapixel count.
source:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/24/iphone-6-release-rumored-again-with-a-big-twist/

iPhone 6 Concept Compares Rumors to iPhone 5s

A new iPhone 6 concept borrows from the current iPhone 6 rumor mill, brings a 4.7-inch iPhone to life, and compares it to the 4-inch iPhone 5s.
While we wait for Apple to unveil its brand new iPhone, a device that many have dubbed the iPhone 6, designers have taken it upon themselves to create iPhone 6 concepts to keep prospective buyers entertained ahead of its eventual launch. Some iPhone 6 concepts we’ve seen are based on futuristic technology. Others, like this one from our friend Martin Hajek and iCulture, pull from the iPhone 6 rumor mill for their looks.

This new iPhone 6 concept is based on current iPhone 6 rumors that suggest that the iPhone 6 will come with a larger display around 4.7-inches in size. Hajek’s concept here sports a display that measures 4.7-inches in size and gives us a look at how iOS 7 would look on display larger than 4-inches, the size of the iPhone 5s’ display.

The iPhone 6 display rumors aren’t the only rumors that Hajek and Co. rope into this iPhone 6 concept. The concept is also based on a report from Japanese publication Macotakara that suggests that the iPhone 6 could come with a design that is influenced not only by the iPhone 5c but the iPod nano as well.

This concept’s design is not much bigger than the iPhone 5s. Hajek accomplished this by thinning out of the bezels, something that Apple did to compact the size of the iPad Air. The device also appears to utilize the same anodized aluminum design as the iPhone 5s, something that iPhone 6 rumors have suggested.

Hajek’s concept is also a mere 5.6mm thin, a dimension that has been rumored by the well known leak artist Sonny Dickson. Dickson recently claimed that the iPhone 6 would arrive with a 0.22 inch frame in addition to an Ultra Retina display and a new Apple A8 processor clocked above 2GHz.

This concept doesn’t depict the real iPhone 6, the real iPhone 6 still hasn’t leaked yet. A supposed design sample leaked out a short time ago though the authenticity of the leak has been called into question due to some oddities.

iPhone 6 rumors point to a larger iPhone 6 with an improved camera and a release date that could land either in the summer or the fall. Rumors have pointed to two iPhone 6 models though there are some that believe that Apple will release only one iPhone 6 to replace the iPhone 5s and the iPhone 5c, the two current iPhones.
source:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/25/iphone-6-concept-vs-iphone-5s/

Apple iPhone 6 Rumors Detail Key Features


New iPhone 6 rumors and leaks point to better display technology and a new iPhone 6 battery details. Displays and battery life are
An iPhone 6 with a new Sapphire display that is resistant to scratches is closer to reality as a new Apple patent shows how the company can make a Sapphire display resistant to fingerprints as well.

Apple invested over half a billion dollars in GT Advanced Technologies in 2013, to secure the company’s Sapphire creation abilities and reports indicate Apple is pushing for speedy production at the U.S. facility and expanding the factory to ramp up for a new product that uses Sapphire.
A separate series of iPhone 6 rumors point to iPhone 6 battery production and assembly changes for the new model, which bring more automation to the process.

iPhone 6 Display Rumors

Apple is not talking about the iPhone 6 at this time, but multiple reports outline plans to use a larger display in the iPhone 6 with a Sapphire cover instead of a chemically strengthened glass like the iPhone 5s uses. The current iPhone display does not scratch easily, but after six to 12 months some iPhones start to show scratches on the screen from jewelry, keys and other objects.

Apple uses Sapphire on the iPhone 5s lens cover, to prevent scratches from ruining photos and in 2014 the iPhone 6 could feature a Sapphire display that is very hard to scratch.

 
This new Apple patent, discovered by Apple Insider shows that Apple overcame a major hurdle to introducing Sapphire display covers on an iPhone or iPad. The Oleophobic coating on Sapphire patent outlines how Apple can apply a coating to a Sapphire display cover in bulk that lasts longer than previous coatings.
An Oleophobic coating is found on current iPhone and iPad glass displays. The purpose of this technology is to prevent oil from fingerprints and from a users’ face from sticking to the touchscreen. Oil buildup is not pleasing to look at and it can degrade touch screen performance.
In the patent filing Apple talks about using the process on a phone or tablet, specifically talking about the display window on these devices. The first image on the patent shows an iconic iPhone design with a physical home button, but the patent text uses a broader phone and tablet description.
Sharing additional details on this patent, Matt Margolis an analyst that routinely covers Sapphire and GT Advanced technologies outlines what this means for Apple and what technology Apple may use.
“What is interesting is that this patent allows for the oleophobic coating to be applied to a brick of sapphire and not having to apply it to each cut screen individually i.e. the patent allows for batch processing. The process used to coat sapphire screens is different from traditional glass screens. The patent mentions PVD and sintering as options. Apple and GT may be leveraging GT’s SPS technology for sintering to get this job done in the most efficient way possible Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
If Apple is able to bulk apply this coating to the Sapphire, it could play a role in streamlining the production and keeping the price of more expensive Sapphire covers in check.

iPhone 6 Battery Details

The iPhone 6 battery details that consumers want to know the most about are missing, like size and capacity, but a new set of iPhone 6 rumors claims to shed some light on the process.
DigiTimes reported earlier this week that Apple is looking to shift iPhone 6 battery assembly from the hands of workers to automated machines. This would reduce Apple’s need for workers in China where minimum wage is rising. The iPhone assembly process is currently very labor intensive with 300,000 people working on the iPhone 5s production line in late 2013.

 The iPhone 6 battery orders are in and assembly may be automated according to new rumors.

A 2012 report claimed the iPad involves 325 hands touching the device over a five-day period, which illustrates the labor needs for a similar Apple product. The same report shared that the iPhone takes 141 steps from start to finish of assembly.

A second DigiTimes report claims Apple is already placing iPhone 6 battery orders as the company prepares for a launch later this year.

The iPhone 6 is an unannounced device that analysts expect Apple is planning to release in 2014. Most iPhone 6 release date rumors suggest the phone will arrive this fall in August or September. Reports indicate buyers can expect an iPhone 6 with a bigger display, and many rumors point to a 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch iPhone 6 models.
For the fastest rundown of iPhone 6 rumors read, 10 Important iPhone 6 Details from March 2o14.
source:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/27/apple-iphone-6-rumors-detail-key-features/

iPhone 6 Release Date Rumored as Size and Screen Details Leak

The iPhone 6 release date will take place in September according to a new report which arrived shortly before a leaked schematic shows possible iPhone 6 dimensions, for an iPhone with a larger screen.
iPhone 6 release date rumors are a hot topic this month and so far almost every rumor points to the fall. This is also the second major iPhone 6 leak pointing to a possible size in March.
Apple iPhone 6 rumors are just getting started and while there are a lot of rumored details and specs, there are a lot of things we don’t know or that rumors are not conclusive enough to believe.
There is no confirmation that Apple is working on a new iPhone or an iPhone with a larger screen, but the annual release cycle is well-known and Apple will need a new device to compete with the refreshed Samsung Galaxy S5 and the new HTC One M8. The fact that Apple is working on a new iPhone for 2014 is not up for debate, but what the iPhone 6 will look like, what features it will bring and how big the screen is are topics that eager consumers want to know about.

The iPhone 6 release date rumors focus on two new iPhones in the fall.

The latest iPhone 6 release date rumors comes from Nikkei, an Asian business publication with a goal of sharing insights about business and technology in Asia and abroad. This leak is more like a Wall Street Journal report than a random Chinese social media posting.

Citing Apple suppliers, the publication claims the iPhone 6 release date is possible as early as September 2014. This is the same month the iPhone 5s and iPhone 5 releases took place, and in line with many other iPhone 6 rumors. The report focuses on Apple suppliers that make LCD panels for a new iPhone. These sources state that the new device, called the iPhone 6, will feature a 4.7-inch display and another model will feature a 5.5-inch display.

In addition to a larger display, Sharp and LG will be making a panel for an iPhone 6 with a higher resolution. Apple has not significantly upgraded the iPhone resolution since the iPhone 4. A small boost when the iPhone 5 screen jumped to 4-inches in size only pushed the resolution to 640 x 1136, while competing smartphones with bigger displays shot to 1280 x 720 and then 1920 x 1080, which is a common HDTV resolution. A Retina+ or Retina HD resolution would pack more pixels on a screen for an overall better looking iPhone 6 display.

Apple is already working with suppliers to manufacture Touch ID chips and controllers for the iPhone 6 display, according to the Nikkei source.

The iPhone 6 dimensions come from Nowhereelse.fr, which is the source of several iPhone leaks each year. This leak shows a schematic or blueprint for lining up a machine that will etch an Apple logo in the back of an iPhone 6 with room for a larger display, according to the report. It is possible that this is a fake or a part of a scheme to make a knock off. The blueprint shown above shows two sets of dimensions, listed below compared to the iPhone 5s.
  • 150 x 85mm
  • 136 x 78mm
  • 123.8 x 586.mm
These are slightly smaller than the iPhone 6 dimensions leaked by Japanese Apple blog Macotakara in early March. The dimensions are plausible for larger screens like the 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch models rumored for the fall, but are far from conclusive. The image below shows how this compares to the iPhone 5s and previous leaks.

 Mock up showing a possible iPhone 6 size comparison to other rumors and the iPhone 5s.

The iPhone 6 is likely to feature a new design to go with the larger screen, and will very likely incorporate iOS 8 and new features that Apple will tease at a June developer conference. Read March iPhone 6 rumor roundup to catch up on the 10 most important rumors of the month.
soruce:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/28/iphone-6-release-date-rumor-size-screen-leak/

iPhone 6 Rumor Roundup: What to Believe This Week

This week iPhone 6 rumors point to a fall release date and start to show us more about the possible size of an iPhone 6. Catch up on the latest iPhone 6 rumors and learn what is worth believing in this quick look at the latest iPhone 6 rumors.
The iPhone 6 is a new iPhone for 2014, with rumors of a larger iPhone dating back to 2012. Last week we shared 10 important iPhone 6 details that emerged in March, and this week we are taking a look back at the biggest rumors of the week and a feature that shows how iOS 8 and an iPhone 6 could combine to deliver an amazing large screen experience.

With all Apple rumors, not everything we hear about an iPhone 6 is believable, but combined even conflicting reports can help shape what potential buyers can expect from Apple later this year.

iPhone 6 Rumor Roundup

Here is a look back at the important iPhone 6 rumors from this week, and one that shouldn’t be believed. The latest iPhone 6 rumors agree on certain items, like a fall release, but the size of the iPhone 6 is still up in the air, which is not surprising with six months before a likely release date.

iPhone 6 Design Sample is Too Odd

A pair of photos from a case company in Japan kicked off the week showing what they claim is an iPhone 6 design sample made to test the fit of cases, next to an iPhone 5s and iPhone 5.


 Inconsistencies like the circular flash, as well as the early arrival make this a questionable sample.

It is very early in the game for a leaked iPhone 6 design sample like this to show up, even one that a case company makes on their own based on leaks. When we first showed readers the new iPhone 5 design with a similar sample in 2012, it was much closer to the actual iPhone release date. It turned out to be right on the money, which is not something we are comfortable saying about this leak.

iPhone 6 Release Date, Price and Screen Details

We often learn about new iPhone 6 details through analysts who source information from various supply chain sources. These analysts are not always perfect, but based on past performance we learn which one offers cautious and calculated information about upcoming Apple products. Analysts typically share notes with investors that pay for an inside edge, and parts of these notes are often republished or in this case discussed on a financial TV program.

 Steve Milunovich, an Analyst with UBS tells investors that the June is not going to be when we see a new iPhone, and that August or September are prime candidates for an iPhone 6 release date. Milunovich is also unsure of two iPhone 6 models at the same time with larger screens, and he believes the iPhone 6 price will stay the same.

iPhone 6 Sapphire Display

Three iPhone 6 rumors arrived in the middle of the week detailing the iPhone 6 Sapphire display. The display information is the most exciting as it comes form a recently granted Apple patent for putting a oil and fingerprint resistant coating on a Sapphire display.


Rumors suggest Apple is planning to put a Sapphire display cover on the iPhone 6. This is the most believable iPhone 6 rumor to date due to a large half a billion dollar investment in GT Advanced Technologies last year and a note from Apple to push progress forward for a critical component. Apple Insider discovered the patent and an analyst that monitors the Sapphire industry believes this will allow Apple to bulk coat screens.

iPhone 6 Battery Rumors

Tow iPhone 6 battery rumors arrived this week from DigiTimes which outlines a plan to shift away from manual assembly of iPhone 6 battery components into the iPhone 6, to machines. The iPhone and iPad assembly process is vary labor intensive with many workers touching each device on an assembly line, but that could change with the iPhone 6. the other rumor claims Apple is already placing iPhone 6 battery orders.
 The iPhone 6 battery orders are in and assembly may be automated according to new rumors.

The reports don’t mention the battery size and capacity, which would deliver details that could help shape the overall picture of the iPhone 6 features and size. DigiTimes often reports industry gossip that is not always on the mark so we look at this publication to corroborate other reports.

iPhone 6 Size and Looks

The most recent iPhone 6 rumor this week includes a schematic that is of questionable origin, but it does show a second look at what an iPhone 6 with a larger display might look like, in terms of size. This is not a definitive iPhone 6 size, but we are sharing it to showcase what it may look like next to an iPhone 5s and other iPhone 6 rumored dimensions.

source:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/29/iphone-6-rumor-roundup-what-to-believe-this-week/

Stunning Sapphire iPhone 6 Concept

The iPhone 6 will reportedly feature a Sapphire design that uses the harder than glass material to cover the display, but a new iPhone 6 concept shows us what it could look like if Apple decides to go back to the shiny glass back of the iPhone 4s, with a stronger material.

Sapphire is a scratch resistant material that is tough enough to withstand repeated abuse from concrete and other rough materials. Apple invested a $500 million dollars into a Sapphire technology company based in the U.S. last fall and recent reports indicate Apple is pushing to give Sapphire a larger role in the iPhone 6 design.

The Apple iPhone 6 is a new iPhone for 2014 that rumors indicate will arrive in two sizes, both with larger screens. The latest iPhone 6 rumors suggest a 4.7-inch iPhone 6 and a 5.5-inch or 5.7-inch iPhone 6 that would be closer in size to a Galaxy Note 3. Rumors do not agree on all of the details, but a 4.7-inch Sapphire display covered iPhone 6 is a commonly repeated claim.

Most of the iPhone 6 rumors claim Apple will use the Sapphire material to cover a larger display, but a new iPhone 6 concept shows what a new iPhone could look like with a Sapphire back as well.

 
A new iPhone 6 concept based on leaks uses a Sapphire back.

The latest iPhone 6 concept from Martin Hajek and Nowhereelse.fr shows a stunning Sapphire iPhone that delivers more curves, a thinner design and a Sapphire front and back. The image above shows a black iPhone 6 concept that includes much smaller bezels on the sides and on the top and bottom of the phone, and  phone that is .5mm smaller than the iPhone 5s.

With a Sapphire back there is no need for a two-tone aluminum and glass design to let antennas work as is required on the iPhone 5s. Instead of flat sides and chamfered edges this iPhone 6 concept opts for curved edges that look like a cross between the iPad mini and the new HTC One M8.

A Sapphire back on the iPhone 6 might be a possibility, but it will need to survive drops, not just scratches if Apple were to adopt a design like this. Corning, the maker of Gorilla Glass, claims Sapphire is not as strong as chemically strengthened glass when it comes to surviving drops. It’s tough to tell which is better, but if Apple is ready to invest half a billion dollars in the technology there is certainly a goal in mind.


The iPhone 6 rumors point to a September release date. Recent rumors suggest Apple is opting for a better camera, but will not jump into the megapixel race to fight Samsung in a numbers game. The iPhone 6 will likely run iOS 8 which Apple will likely announce at a summer WWDC 2014 event ahead of a fall release. 

10 Amazing iPhone 6 Concepts (Videos)
 iPhone 6 Concept Shows Small, Medium and Large
 iPhone 6 rumors point to a larger display and this iPhone 6 concept is one of the first to show us what the iPhone 6 might look like with three sizes. If Apple introduces two new iPhone 6 models, it is likely that one smaller iPhone 5s type device will remain at a cheaper price.

 
This iPhone 6 concept from ConceptsiPhone on YouTube shows us what two larger iPhone 6 models could look like next to a mini model that offers a 3.5-inch display. We typically see Samsung and HTC offer three sizes with different versions of a similar phone, so it would not be out of the question. Still, it is more likely that Apple would stick with a 4-inch display on the smallest iPhone they sell in 2014.
source:http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/03/31/stunning-sapphire-iphone-6-concept/